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Vitamina B12: benefici e proprietà - Nutrisalute
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Vitamina B12: benefici e proprietà

La vitamina B12 è una vitamina idrosolubile che svolge ruoli essenziali nella formazione dei globuli rossi, nel metabolismo cellulare, nella funzione nervosa e nella produzione di DNA. È la vitamina più grande e strutturalmente complicata, può essere prodotta industrialmente solo attraverso la sintesi della fermentazione batterica.

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Viene assorbita nello stomaco con l’aiuto di una proteina chiamata fattore intrinseco. Questa sostanza si lega alla molecola di vitamina B12 e ne facilita l’assorbimento nel sangue e nelle cellule. Il corpo la immagazzina nel fegato, se vi è in eccesso, quindi se ne si consuma più della razione giornaliera indicata, l’organismo la metterà da parte per un utilizzo futuro.

È possibile sviluppare una carenza di vitamina B12 se il corpo non produce abbastanza fattore intrinseco o se non si assumono abbastanza fonti alimentari.

La vitamina B12 si trova principalmente nei prodotti di origine animale, in particolare carne e latticini. Fortunatamente per chi segue una dieta vegana, in commercio esistono integratori adeguati.

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Alimenti ricchi di vitamina B12

La vitamina B12, come accennato, si trova naturalmente all’interno di prodotti di origine animale come pesce, carne, uova e latticini. In genere non esiste negli alimenti vegetali. Buone fonti alimentari di vitamina B12 sono:

  • manzo
  • maiale
  • prosciutto
  • pollame
  • agnello
  • pesce (in particolare tonno e salmone)
  • latticini (latte, formaggio, yogurt)
  • uova.

Alcuni tipi di latte di soia e cereali per la colazione sono arricchiti con vitamina B12.

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È comunque sempre meglio mantenere una dieta equilibra e ricevere quantità salutari di nutrienti, prima che sia richiesto un trattamento attivo come l’utilizzo di integratori. I sintomi di carenza sono facilmente evitabili con un’alimentazione corretta.

Vitamina B12 benefici: perché fa bene

La vitamina B12 è cruciale per il normale funzionamento del cervello e del sistema nervoso. È anche coinvolta nella formazione dei globuli rossi e aiuta a creare e regolare il DNA.

Il metabolismo di ogni cellula del corpo dipende dalla vitamina B12, poiché contribuisce alla sintesi degli acidi grassi e alla produzione di energia, aiutando il corpo ad assorbire l’acido folico.

Il corpo produce milioni di globuli rossi ogni minuto. Queste cellule non possono moltiplicarsi in modo corretto senza la vitamina B12. La produzione si riduce se i livelli di questa vitamina sono troppo bassi, causando anemia.

Dosi raccomandate

Per persone di età superiore ai 14 anni il consumo consigliato è di 2,4 microgrammi di vitamina B12 ogni giorno. Le donne in stato di gravidanza ne devono consumare 2,6 microgrammi al giorno, in allattamento invece 2,8.

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Problematiche

L’assunzione eccessiva di vitamina B12 non è tossica né pericolosa. Si consiglia però di parlare con il proprio medico prima di iniziare a prendere un integratore.

Carenza vitamina B12: i sintomi

La carenza di vitamina B12 si verifica quando il corpo non ne riceve abbastanza. Può provocare danni irreversibili e potenzialmente gravi, in particolare al sistema nervoso e al cervello.

Anche livelli leggermente inferiori al normale possono scatenare sintomi di carenza: depressione, confusione, problemi di memoria e affaticamento. Ma questi da soli non sono abbastanza specifici, sono quindi necessari altri esami da fare per verificarne la mancanza.

Altri sintomi di carenza comprendono costipazione, perdita di appetito e di peso.

Una volta che i segnali si intensificano, possono includere cambiamenti neurologici, come intorpidimento e formicolio alle mani e ai piedi. Alcune persone potrebbero persino avere difficoltà a mantenere l’equilibrio.

I bambini a cui manca la vitamina B12 possono mostrare movimenti insoliti come tremori del viso, problemi di riflesso, difficoltà di alimentazione, irritazione ed eventuali problemi di sviluppo e di crescita se questa non viene trattata.

Si ha anche un rischio maggiore di sviluppare psicosi e demenza. Ma non è tutto. Può anche esserci una forma anemica. I sintomi più comuni di anemia sono affaticamento, mancanza di respiro e battito cardiaco irregolare. Altri segnali sono:

  • male alla bocca o alla lingua
  • pelle pallida o ingiallita
  • diarrea
  • problemi al ciclo mestruale.

La carenza di vitamina B12 rende inoltre le persone più sensibili agli effetti delle infezioni.

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